Publications

It is well known that artificial intelligence, especially machine learning, has the potential for hugely beneficial impacts on all areas of life, but also carries with it dangers such as lack of transparency, over-rigidity of decision-making, negative feedback loops and unreasonable inferences. Such dangers also have the potential to be scaled across a whole area of decisions. There is, therefore, an increasing sense that we need greater accountability of algorithmic decision-making systems and it is argued here that public law and the grounds of judicial review are a ready-made toolkit specifically designed to render decision-makers accountable and to make precisely the kinds of trade-offs we will need to make between effectiveness and efficiency on the one hand and fairness on the other. These tools can therefore provide a blueprint as we work out how to govern ADM and render it accountable, even in a private context. This can take place by using the public law toolkit in interpreting existing legislation, informing future regulation and even through the exercise of a common law supervisory jurisdiction.

The mechanical properties of polymers are becoming increasingly important as they are used in structural applications, both on their own and as matrix materials for composites. It has long been known that these mechanical properties are dependent on strain rate, temperature, and pressure. In this paper, the methods for dynamic loading of polymers will be briefly reviewed. The high strain rate mechanical properties of several classes of polymers, i.e. glassy and rubbery amorphous polymers and semi-crystalline polymers will be reviewed. Additionally, time–temperature superposition for rate dependent large strain properties and pressure dependence in polymers will be discussed. Constitutive modeling and shock properties of polymers will not be discussed in this review.

Molecular dynamics are essential for protein function. In some cases these dynamics involve the interconversion between ground state, highly populated conformers and less populated higher energy structures (’excited states’) that play critical roles in biochemical processes. Here we describe recent advances in NMR spectroscopy methods that enable studies of these otherwise invisible excited states at an atomic level and that help elucidate their important relation to function. We discuss a range of examples from molecular recognition, ligand binding, enzyme catalysis and protein folding that illustrate the role that motion plays in ’funneling’ conformers along preferred pathways that facilitate their biological function.

Demystifying the subject with clarity and verve, History: An Introduction to Theory, Method and Practice familiarizes the reader with the varied spectrum of historical approaches in a balanced, comprehensive and engaging manner. Global in scope, and covering a wide range of topics from the ancient and medieval worlds to the twenty-first century, it explores historical perspectives not only from historiography itself, but from related areas such as literature, sociology, geography and anthropology.

In the summer of 1776, after years of a constitutional crisis that dated to the close of the Seven Years War more than a decade earlier, thirteen of Britain’s colonies declared Independence from the British Crown and established republican governments. Indeed, some of the most ubiquitous symbols of the Revolution, the states that it produced, and the American ideal of liberty and republican government, have all featured deliberately classical elements. One of the reasons that the classical understandings of the crisis struggled to shape the movement for independence is that the classics either proved too much or too little. Until the moment of Independence, most American authors chose to set their claims against British action within the context of the British political tradition. There is a reasonable case that the American sensitivity to their classical reading did far more to shape the debates of 1787—89 than it had to the War of Independence.

This dataset contains a summary of information about known public installations of Open Journal Systems, Open Monograph Press, and Open Preprint Systems.

We present a method to conduct automated surveys over WhatsApp, a globally popular messaging service. WhatsApp surveys offer potential advantages since they incur relatively low costs to respondents and researchers, are easy to use for respondents who are already familiar with WhatsApp chat features, and facilitate continued engagement with mobile populations as users can retain their WhatsApp number even if they change SIM cards and phone numbers. Yet, there is limited knowledge on how well WhatsApp surveys perform empirically. We test the WhatsApp method using two original panel surveys of refugees in Colombia and the U.S. and find satisfactory response rates and retention over a nine-month follow-up period in these mobile populations. We also conduct a mode experiment in Colombia comparing WhatsApp to short message service (SMS) and interactive voice response (IVR) surveys. We find that WhatsApp had a 12 and 27 percentage points higher response rate than IVR and SMS, respectively, resulting from higher initial engagement and lower break-off. We conclude by discussing advantages and limitations of the WhatsApp method and offer documentation and a public code repository to support researchers and practitioners in applying the method in other contexts.